C Bit Fields

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C has a built-in feature, called a bit-field, that allows you to access a single bit. Bit-fields can be useful for the following reasons:

If storage is limited, then you can store several Boolean (true/false) variables in one byte.
Certain devices transmit status information encoded into one or more bits within a byte.
Certain encryption routines need to access the bits within a byte.

A bit fields must be a member of a structure or union. It defines how long, in bits, the field is to be. Here is the general form of a bit-field definition:

type name : length;

Here, type is the type of the bit-field, and length is the number of bits in the field. The type of a bit-field must be int, signed, or unsigned.

Bit-fields are frequently used when analyzing input from a hardware device. For instance, the status port of a serial communications adapter might return a status byte organized like this:

Bit	Meaning when set
0	Change in clear-to-send line
1	Change in data-set-ready
2	Trailing edge detected
3	Change in receive line
4	Clear-to-send
5	Data-set-ready
6	Telephone ringing
7	Received signal

You can represent the information in a status byte using the following bit-field:

struct status_type
{
   unsigned delta_cts: 1;
   unsigned delta_dsr: 1;
   unsigned tr_edge:   1;
   unsigned delta_rec: 1;
   unsigned cts:       1;
   unsigned dsr:       1;
   unsigned ring:      1;
   unsigned rec_line:  1;
} status;

You might use statements like the ones given below to enable a program to determine when it can send or receive data:

status = get_port_status();
if(status.cts)
   printf("clear to send");
if(status.dsr)
   printf("data ready");

And to assign a value to a bit-field, simply use the form you would use for any other type of structure element. For example, here this code fragment clears the ring field:

status.ring = 0;

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